Ethods Therefore, we conducted two experiments to evaluate the role of various seed primings and their different concentrations of plant growth regulators [experiment 1—abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA 3), salicylic acid (SA), brassinolide (BR), paclobutrazol, uniconazole (UN), melatonin (MT), and jasmonic acid (JA)] and osmopriming substances (chitosan, polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000), and CaCl 2) and experiment 2—GA, BR (two best), CaCl 2 (worst), and control (CK)] on rice seedlings under low temperature condition. Results Results showed that the maximum germination rate of 98% was recorded in GA 3 (10 mgL? 1) and BR (0.3 mgL? 1) among treatments. Compared to CK, root and shoot length were improved in ABA (0.5 mgL? 1) and GA 3 (100 mgL? 1) by 64% and 68%, respectively. At the same time, root and shoot weights (fresh and dry) were enhanced in Paclobutrazol (300 mgL? 1) and …