Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is known for its exceptional mechanical strength and durability, yet its effectiveness is notably compromised when subjected to high temperatures. This study investigates the temperature- dependent mechanical properties of UHPC, with emphasis on residual compressive and tensile strengths. The influence of critical parameters such as steel fiber content, polypropylene fiber dosage, water-to-binder ratio, and supplementary cementitious materials is systematically analyzed. Experimental findings from existing literature indicate that increasing temperature leads to strength degradation due to microcracking, matrix densification loss, and fiber–matrix debonding. The inclusion of polypropylene fibers is found to mitigate explosive spalling by enhancing vapor pressure release. Furthermore, artificial neural network models are explored to predict residual mechanical properties of UHPC under thermal exposure. The outcomes contribute to a better understanding of UHPC behavior in fire-prone structural applications.