The increasing incidence of chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, has emphasized the importance of continuous health parameter monitoring. Conventional systems for vital sign assessment are primarily hospital-based, costly, and limited to periodic medical consultations, which may delay the detection of abnormal physiological variations. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a Smart Health Surveillance System designed using Internet of Things (IoT) technology integrated with low-cost biomedical sensors. The proposed model employs a MAX30100 pulse oximeter to measure heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO?), a DS18B20 digital sensor to record body temperature, and a Node MCU ESP8266 microcontroller to process and transmit data. Measurement outputs are displayed on an LCD screen, while IoT functionality enables remote monitoring through wireless connectivity. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the system achieves a heart rate accuracy of ±3 bpm, a SpO? accuracy of ±2%, and a temperature accuracy of ±0.5 °C when compared with standard medical devices. The prototype’s affordability, portability, and reliability make it an effective solution for continuous home-based health monitoring, telemedicine services, elderly care, and epidemic surveillance. Future work aims to integrate additional sensors—such as blood pressure and ECG modules—and to utilize cloud-driven analytics for predictive and preventive healthcare applications.