The rapid digital transformation of enterprises has led to the generation and storage of vast amounts of sensitive data, making data protection a critical priority. Security frameworks provide structured approaches to safeguarding enterprise data against unauthorized access, breaches, and cyber threats. This study reviews key security frameworks for enterprise data protection, including ISO/IEC 27001, NIST Cybersecurity Framework, Zero Trust Architecture, and CIS Controls. It examines how these frameworks support risk management, data governance, access control, and compliance with regulatory requirements. The paper also explores the integration of encryption, identity and access management, network security, and continuous monitoring within these frameworks. Emerging technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and distributed systems are analyzed in terms of their impact on enterprise security strategies. Key challenges, including evolving cyber threats, insider risks, and compliance complexities, are discussed along with mitigation strategies. The findings highlight that adopting comprehensive security frameworks enhances data confidentiality, integrity, and availability, ensuring robust protection in modern enterprise environments.